Overview of Rider Bills in Government

Overview of Rider Bills in Government In U.S. government, â€Å"riders† are bills in the form of additional provisions added to the original versions of bills or resolutions considered by Congress. Often having little relationship to the subject matter of the parent bill, riders are typically used as an often-criticized tactic intended to gain the enactment of a controversial bill that would probably not pass if introduced on its own.   Other riders, known as â€Å"wrecking† or â€Å"poison pill† bills are used not to actually be passed, but merely to prevent the passage of the parent bill or to ensure its veto by the president. Riders More Common in the Senate Though they are all in either chamber, riders are used more often in the Senate. This is because the Senates rule’s requirements that the subject of the rider must be related or â€Å"germane† to that of the parent bill are more tolerant than those of the House of Representatives. Riders are rarely allowed in the House, where amendments to bills must at least deal with the substance of the parent bill. Most States Effectively Ban Riders The legislatures of 43 of the 50 states have effectively banned riders by giving their governors the power of the line-item veto. Denied to Presidents of the United States by the U.S. Supreme Court, the line-item veto allows the executive to veto individual objectionable items within a bill. An Example of a Controversial Rider The REAL ID Act, passed in 2005, required the creation of something that most Americans have always opposed – a national personal identification registry. The law requires the states to issue new, high-tech driver’s licenses and prohibits the federal agencies from accepting for certain purposes - like boarding airliners- driver’s licenses and identification cards from states that do not meet the law’s minimum standards. When it was introduced by itself, the REAL ID Act garnered so little support in the Senate that is was never even brought to a vote. But its backers got it passed anyway. The bill’s sponsor, Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R) of Wisconsin, attached it as a rider to a bill no post-9/11 politician would have dared vote against, titled the â€Å"Emergency, Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief.† That bill allocated money to pay the troops and pay for the war on terror. Few voted against the bill. The military spending bill, with the REAL ID Act rider attached, passed in the House of Representatives by a  vote of 368-58, by a vote of 100-0 in the Senate. President George W. Bush signed it into law on May 11, 2005. Rider bills are most often used in the Senate because the Senate’s rules are far more tolerant to them than the rules of the House. In the House, all amendments to bills must generally be related to or deal with the subject of the parent bill being considered. Riders are most often attached to major spending, or â€Å"appropriations† bills, because the defeat, presidential veto or delay of these bills could delay the funding of vital government programs leading to a temporary government shutdown. In 1879, President Rutherford B. Hayes complained that lawmakers using riders could hold the executive hostage by â€Å"insisting upon the approval of a bill under the penalty of stopping all of the operations of government.† Rider Bills: How to Bully a President Opponents – and there are many – of rider bills have long criticized them as being a way for Congress to bully the President of the United States. The presence of a rider bill can force presidents to enact laws they would have vetoed if presented to them as separate bills. As granted by the U.S. Constitution, the presidential veto is an all-or-nothing power. The president must either accept the riders or reject the entire bill. Especially in the case of spending bills, the consequences of vetoing them just to quash an objectionable rider bill could be severe. Basically, the use of rider bills greatly dilutes the president’s veto power. What almost all presidents have said they needed to counteract rider bills is the power of the â€Å"line-item veto.† The line-item veto would allow the president to veto individual measures within a bill without affecting the main purpose or effectiveness of the bill. Currently, the constitutions of 43 of the 50 U.S. states have provisions allowing their governors to use the line-item veto. In 1996, Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 granting U.S. presidents the power of the line-item veto. In 1998, however, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional. Rider Bills Confuse the People As if keeping up with the progress of bills in Congress isn’t hard enough already, rider bills can make it even more frustrating and difficult.   Thanks to rider bills a law about â€Å"Regulating Apples† can seem to vanish, only to end up being enacted months later as part of a law titled â€Å"Regulating Oranges.† Indeed, without a painstakingly daily read of the Congressional Record, riders can make keeping up with the legislative process almost impossible. And it’s not like Congress has ever been accused of being too transparent in how it does the people’s work. Lawmakers Introduce  Anti-Rider Bills Not all members of Congress use or even support rider bills. Senator Rand Paul (R – Kentucky) and Rep. Mia Love (R - Utah) have both introduced the â€Å"One Subject at a Time Act† (OSTA) as H.R. 4335 in the House and S. 1572 in the Senate. As its name implies, the One Subject at a Time Act would require that each bill or resolution considered by Congress embrace no more than one subject  and that the title of all bills and resolutions clearly and descriptively express the subject of the measure. The OSTA would give presidents a de facto line-item veto by allowing them to consider only one measure at a time, instead of rider-packed, all-or-nothing â€Å"package deal† bills. â€Å"Under OSTA politicians will no longer be able to hide the true subjects of their bills behind propagandistic titles such as the PATRIOT Act, the Protect America Act, or the No Child Left Behind Act,† stated DownsizeDC.org, in support of the bill. â€Å"No one wants to be accused of voting against patriotism or protecting America, or of wanting to leave children behind. But none of those titles actually describes the subjects of those bills.†

Architecture and Design for the Blind Client

Architecture and Design for the Blind Client Designing for the blind and visually impaired is an example of accessible design. Architects who embrace universal design understand that the needs of the blind client are the same for all people - orienting a building to provide optimal light and ventilation has been advocated by ancient Roman architects and more modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright. Federal legislation like the ADA has increased awareness of function in architecture; the professional designer will create beauty with the form taken. Key Takeaways Architects can design with texture, sound, heat, and smell to define spaces and functions.Tactile cues, such as differences in floor textures and changes in temperature, provide landmarks for persons who cannot see.Universal design refers to design that meets the needs of all people, thus making spaces accessible to all. Great architecture for the blind and visually impaired is just like any other great architecture, only better, says San Francisco architect Chris Downey, AIA. It looks and works the same while offering a richer and better involvement of all senses. Downey was a practicing architect when a brain tumor took his sight in 2008. With firsthand knowledge, he established Architecture for the Blind and became an expert consultant for other designers. Likewise, when architect Jaime Silva lost his eyesight to congenital glaucoma, he gained a deeper perspective on how to design for the disabled. Today the Philippine-based architect consults with engineers and other architects to manage projects and promote universal design. Is Universal Design for the Blind? Universal design is a big tent term, encompassing more familiar methods such as accessibility and barrier-free design. If design is universal - meaning a design for everyone - it is, by definition, accessible. In the built environment, accessibility means designed spaces that meet the needs of people with a wide range of abilities, including those who are blind or who have limited vision and associated cognitive difficulties. If the goal is universal design, everyone will be accommodated. Accessibility and Self-Driving Cars. Brooks Kraft LLC/Corbis via Getty Images A Continuum of Abilities Functional vision includes two areas: (1) visual acuity, or the corrected used of central vision to see details such as facial features or alphanumeric symbols; and (2) the field of vision, or the extent and capacity to identify objects peripheral to or around the central vision. In addition, depth perception and contrast sensitivity can be associated vision problems. Vision abilities vary widely. Vision impairment is a catch-all term that includes people with any visual deficit that cannot be corrected by wearing glasses of contact lenses. Visual impairments have a continuum of identifiers specific to the laws of specific countries. In the United States low vision and partially sighted are general terms for a continuum of functionality that may vary from week to week or even hour to hour. Legal blindness is not necessarily the same as total blindness. Legally blind in the U.S. is defined by corrected central vision being less than 20/200 in the better eye and/or the field of vision being limited to 20 degrees or less. That is, having only one eye does not make a person blind. Totally blind is generally the inability to use light, although the perception of light and dark may or may not exist. People are said to have light perception if they can detect light and determine from which direction the light is coming, explains the American Printing House for the Blind (APH). Another type of blindness is called cortical visual impairment (CVI), which is a neurological disorder, pointing out that vision is a process involving the eye and the brain. Colors, Illumination, Textures, Heat, Sound, and Balance What do blind people see? Many people who are legally blind actually have some vision. Bright colors, wall murals, and changes in illumination can help persons whose vision is limited. Incorporating entryways and vestibules into all architectural design helps eyes adapt to illumination changes. Tactile cues, including different floor and sidewalk textures as well as changes in heat and sound, can provide landmarks for persons who cannot see. A distinctive faà §ade may help distinguish the location of a home without having to count and keep track. Sound is an important directive for people without visual cues. Technology can be built within the walls of a home just like its built into smart phones - all you have to do is ask a question, and the built-in intelligent personal assistant can orient the occupant. Aspects of a smart house will be most useful for people with disabilities. Other physical details should be common to all universal design. Handrails for balance should be incorporated into the design of buildings. And thats the thing - architects should incorporate details into the design and not try to retro-fit for someones limitations. Like all good accessible design, universality begins with the design. Designing with the blind in mind embraces the movement toward universal design. Communicating Ideas Communication and presentation are important skills of the architect. Visually impaired architects must be even more creative in getting across their ideas. Computers have become the great equalizer for professionals with disabilities of any kind, although tactile graphic toys like Wikki Stix have long been used by people of all ages. Visually impaired architects will be useful to any organization or individual desiring to focus on inclusivity. With no prejudice to the way things look visually  -   sometimes called aesthetics  - the blind architect will choose the most functional detail or material first. The way it looks? What is called eye candy can come later. Finally, the Low Vision Design Program of the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) has established guidelines for residential design and  recommendations for public accommodation. Their 80-page evidence-based PDF document Design Guidelines for the Visual Environment was issued in May 2015 and is filled with useful information. Sources American Foundation for the Blind. Key Definitions of Statistical Terms. afb.org/info/blindness-statistics/key-definitions-of-statistical-terms/25Blindness Basics. American Printing House for the Blind. https://www.aph.org/blindness-basics/Downey, Chris. Design with the blind in mind. TED Talk, October 2013.https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_downey_design_with_the_blind_in_mind/transcriptDowney, Chris. Profile. Architecture for the Blind. arch4blind.com/profile.htmlGoben, Jan. Architect is visionary for the blind. AFriendlyHouse.com. http://afriendlyhouse.com/31/Architect-is-visionary-for-the-blind/McGray, Douglas. Design Within Reach: A blind architect relearns his craft. The Atlantic, October 2010

Assignment chapter 9 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 9 - Assignment Example and, nationalism can also be termed as a centrifugal force as it can cause a group of people to place their needs in front of the needs of all other groups in the same state. Nazi Germany is a historical example of nationalism gone wrong. National cohesion and identity can be achieved by nationalism or pride in unities nation. Additionally, immigration can encourage national cohesion in assorted educated populations that have ignored all kinds of racial discrimination. The Law of The Sea is an international agreement that determines ecological and commercial conditions for using the worlds oceans. It assures the protection of oceans from ecological degradation, constitutes rules for commercial organizations that rely on the sea for resources, sets maritime zones, and maintains autonomy of navigation. Treaty was signed by 161 nations. Governments reseat their capital city to a forward-thrust capital to stimulate economic development in underdeveloped parts of the state. Development of capital cities generally encourages development of infrastructure and economic growth in the city where they are seated. The suggestion that one nation can annex the territory of another on the basis of common traditions of the locals living in the two separate states. It is also termed as pan-nationalism. This can explained amongst pan-Africans, as most of Africas present borders were drawn up during colonial era with slight reference to the ethnicity of the people which lived on both side of the suggested boundary

Marketing Planning on Portakabin Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing Planning on Portakabin - Assignment Example Currently, it is employing more than thousands of people and expanding its operations in European countries. Although construction industry relies on the same traditional methods of first designing building architecture and then moving ahead with the project; Portakabin changed the entire industry by introducing innovative products in the market. The management of company realized that it will have to apply Piercy (2010) going to market concept which states that everyone within the firm will have to work together to achieve the desired goals. The key elements of this concept are represented in the figure: Source: Piercy (2010) The company’s market has definitely changed in the last couple of years as it is focussing on providing quality products to their consumers by the implementation of finest production methods. Portakabin has applied the lean production process which ensures that procedural steps creating wastage are eliminated from the processes (The Times 100, 2010). The basis of a building is prepared on-site while actual structure is manufactured and fitted in factory; the module of the customer is taken to site, craned into desired position and then linked together. Other architectural features like brick cladding on building’s exterior side, glazing, pitched roof, stair tower and lifts are added on-site; any other modifications required by customers are done on-site so that customers’ are satisfied. Portakabin has positioned itself as a company that is offering quality products at premium prices that reflects high value for money. Portakabin has changed its focus on quality development of products so that every customer is satisfied with services provided to them (The Times 100, 2003). In order to have superior quality, there are two sources important for every business i.e. internal and external. For internal quality insurance, it has developed its own range of buildings on the basis of market research and aim of this frequent re search is to identify precise needs of customers. Similarly, strong emphasis is done on offering value added features such as fitted furnishings, quality carpeting and climate control systems so that high quality working environment is created; customers are provided the opportunity of availing one stop shop service. In order to meet external quality level, all of its products ensure compliance with appropriate regulations of building along with demands of ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems. Hence, Portakabin has ensured that going to market concept is properly applied throughout the organisation to meet needs and demands of consumers. Question No. 2a Examine the factors that would determine Portakabin’s ability to plan its future marketing activity effectively. What does Portakabin need to understand and control in order to plan effectively and measure the effectives of its activity? Answer No. 2a In UK construction industry, Portakabin is the market leader as it manufactu res modular buildings with superior quality. It has been delivering products and services that have been tailored to meet each customer’s requirements. In order to provide top quality services to customers, Portakabin has implemented some crucial processes as follows: 1. Continuous research and development for developing new product solutions and providing value-added solutions

Angina Pectoris Care Plan Essay Example for Free

Angina Pectoris Care Plan Essay Care Plan For Angina Pectoris Angina Pectoris Chief Complaint: Patient complains of having tightness and pain in his chest that seems to move down the left arm. Patient describes the pain as being sharp and can be sometimes a mild pain or an immobilizing pain. Medical Diagnosis: Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology of: Angina Pectoris Angina Pectoris develops when coronary blood flow becomes inadequate to meet myocardial oxygen demand. This causes myocardial cells to switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, with a progressive impairment of metabolic, mechanical, and electrical functions. Angina pectoris is the most common clinical manifestation of myocardial ischemia. It is caused by chemical and mechanical stimulation of sensory afferent nerve endings in the coronary vessels and myocardium. These nerve fibers extend from the first to fourth thoracic spinal nerves, ascending via the spinal cord to the thalamus, and from there to the cerebral cortex. (http:// emedicine. medscape. com/article/15021 5-overview, 6/1 5/10 12:30 pm) Medical Interventions: Diagnostic Tests: 1. Coronary intravascular ultrasonography A coronary intravascular ultasonography is an invasive ultrasound performed rom a transducer within the lumen of the coronary arteries. (Laboratory test and diagnostic procedures, By: Cynthia Chernicky, 5th Edition 2008). Electrocardiography is a noninvasive acoustic imaging procedure that determines the size, shape, position, thickness and movements of the heart valves, walls, and chambers during each cardiac cycle. (Laboratory test and diagnostic procedures, By: Cynthia Chernicky, 5th Edition 2008). Lipid Profile; Blood 3. Lipid profile; blood is a test to check the units of each of the following: Total lipids, A. Triglycerides B. HDL Cholesterol C. LDL Cholesterol D. E. Total HDL Cholesterol ratio. 4. Stress Exercise Test Stress exercise test measures the efficiency of the heart during a period of physical stress on a treadmill or on a stationary bicycle. Medications: 1. Nitroglycerin Tablets: Classification: Vasodilator, antihypertensive. Action: Reduces preload and afterload, decreasing myocardial workload and oxygen demand. Uses: To prevent or treat angina pectoris, hypertension, and heart failure. Contraindications: Acute Myocardial Infarction, angle- closure glaucoma, cerebral hemorrhage, concurrent use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, constrictive ericarditis. Route and Dosage: Adults: PO 1 mg. tablet every 5 hours while awake. (Buccal) 0. 1 To 0. 8 mg. hr. worn 12 to 14 hours at a time. (Transdermal Patch) Adverse Reactions: Some side effects of this drug that should be reported to a healthcare provider if they become severe are as follows: headaches dizziness flushing lightheadedness reported to a healthcare provider immediately. The adverse effects of nitroglycerin are: Nausea vomiting Weakness blurred vision fainting spell abdominal pain sweating chest pain pale skin rashes ? peeling of the skin blisters on the skin hives itching difficulty breathing Surgery: 1 Transluminal coronary angioplasty Your hearts arteries can become clogged from a buildup of cholesterol, cells or other substances. This can reduce blood flow to your heart and cause chest discomfort. Sometimes a blood clot can suddenly form or get worse and completely block blood flow, leading to a heart attack. Angioplasty opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to your heart muscle. Angioplasty, a type of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is not major surgery. It is done through a small puncture in a leg or arm artery and opens a clogged heart artery by inflating a tiny balloon in it. Assessment: Subjective: Patient is a 68 year old male with a history of coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Vital Signs as follows: -r: 986 R: 25 p: 102 Objective: Patient seemed to be crying and in severe pain. Skin was flushed, and clammy. Right hand was over left shoulder as if he were trying to relieve the pressure of the pain. Nursing Diagnosis: 1 Physical: 1. Acute pain related to decreased oxygen supply to the myocardium. Nursing Intervention: . Patient will remain on oxygen as ordered for the next 12 hours. 2. Give Nitroglycerin Tablets sublingually every 5 minutes for the next 1 5 minutes. . Patient will sleep for at least 30 minutes every 2 hours for the next 8 hour shift. Nursing Evaluation/Outcome: 1. Patient was able to be taken off of oxygen after the first 12 hours. 2. Patients pain had stopped after 1 5 minutes of administration of the nitroglycerin tablets. 3. Patient was able to sleep for 30 minutes every 2 hours with no interruptions in the last 8 hour shift. Nursing Diagnosis: 2 Psychosocial: 1. Anxiety related to change in lifestyle. Nursing Interventions: 1. Patient will be informed of the importance of taking the nitroglycerin at first sign of pain within an 8 hour shift. 2. Patient will learn how to decrease personal activities within 30 days. 3. Patient will Join a stress management course within the next month. 1. Patient was able to better understand the use of the nitroglycerin tablets after an 8 hour shift. 2. Patient was able to decrease physical activities in the last 30 days. 3. Patient was able to Join a stress management course in last month. Potential/ Risk: 1. Deflecient Knowledge related to coronary artery disease. . Patient will learn the causes of angina pectoris within an 8 hour shift. 2. Patient will learn the importance of side effects to medications within 8 hours. 3. Patient will make sure to get all information of medications before leaving the hospital. 1. Patient was better able to understand what caused the angina pectori by the time he left the hospital. References 1. Laboratory test and diagnostic procedures, By: Cynthia Chernicky, 5th Edition 2008. 2. http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/1 5021 5-overview, 6/1 5/10 12:30 pm

Al-Ghazâlî, Causality, and Knowledge Essay -- Arabic Philosophy Philos

Al-Ghazà ¢là ®, Causality, and Knowledge ABSTRACT: Few passages in Arabic philosophy have attracted as much attention as al-Ghazà ¢là ®'s discussion of causality in the seventeenth discussion of Tahà ¢fut al-Falsafa, along with the response of Ibn Rushd (Averroà «s) in his Tahà ¢fut al-Tahà ¢fut. A question often asked is to what extent al-Ghazà ¢là ® can be called an occasionalist; that is, whether he follows other Kalà ¢m thinkers in restricting causal agency to God alone. What has not been thoroughly addressed in previous studies is a question which al-Ghazà ¢là ® and Ibn Rushd both see as decisive in the seventeenth discussion: what theory of causality is sufficient to explain human knowledge? In this paper I show that al-Ghazà ¢là ®'s and Ibn Rushd's theories of causality are closely related to their epistemologies. The difference between the two thinkers can be briefly summerized as follows. For Ibn Rushd, the paradigm of human knowledge is demonstrative science; for al-Ghazà ¢là ®, in contrast, the par adigm of human knowledge is (or at least includes) revelation. Yet both remain committed to the possibility of Aristotelian science and its underlying principles. Thus, I suggest that al-Ghazà ¢là ®'s stance in the seventeenth discussion sheds light on his critique of philosophy in the Tahà ¢fut: namely, philosophy is not inherently incoherent, but simply limited in scope. I also briefly compare this position to that of Thomas Aquinas, in order to place the view in a more familiar context. Few passages in Arabic philosophy have attracted as much attention as al-Ghazà ¢là ®'s discussion of causality in the seventeenth discussion of Tahà ¢fut al-Falà ¢sifa, along with the response of Ibn Rushd (Averroà «s) in his Tahà ¢fut al-Tahà ¢fut. A question which has been addressed ... ...onalist reading of al-Ghazà ¢là ®, translates the same as 'sheer vilification,' referring to the philosophers. Marmura's is clearly the better translation (tashnà ®' being the verbal noun of 'to vilify'), indicating that al-Ghazà ¢là ® is in fact referring back to the criticism made by the philosophers. The passage is at Tahà ¢fut, p. 296. See also Riker, p. 319. (12) Tahà ¢fut, p. 300, p. 258. English translation p. 330, p. 278. (13) Tahà ¢fut, p. 296. English translation, p. 325. (14) Tahà ¢fut, pp. 295-6. English translation, p. 324. (15) Tahà ¢fut, p. 294. English translation, p. 322. (16) Qurà ¢n 35.43, cited at Tahà ¢fut, p. 292. English translation, p. 320. See also Tahà ¢fut, p. 302, English translation, p. 333. (17) Tahà ¢fut, p. 296. English translation, p. 325. (18) Tahà ¢fut, p. 298. English translation, p. 327. (19) Tahà ¢fut, p. 84. English translation, p. 70.

1917 Conscription Crisis

The year 1917, was a time of worry and despair. As there was not enough people in Europe to fight in the war. Ideas of conscription floated through the minds of members of Parliament. Before WW1 began, the French and the English were already having disagreements over Regulation 17, which was introduced by the Ontario Department of Education in 1913. The French felt they were having their rights taken away and that the English were being strongly favoured. Many French Canadians were beginning to have serious doubts about the need to go and fight against the â€Å"Prussians† Tempers flared at both ends of the school debate. An angry Henri Bourassa declared that the real war was not in Euope but in Ontario. The bitterness towards the English weakened support for the war in Quebec. Men were desparately needed on the battlefield. Prime Minister Robert Borden travelled to Europe to see for himself how the war was going. He knew that there was no way Canada would survive the ewar unless he could get more soldiers. On May 18, 1917, Borden stood up in the House of Commons and announced a new policy of conscription. â€Å"All citizens are liable for the defense of their counrty. And I conceive that the battle for Canadian liberty is being fought on the plains of New France and Belgium.† The year 1917 was a year of worry and despair. Ideas of conscription flowed through the minds of members of Parliament. To most Canadians, anything but complete dedication was unthinkable but not all Canadians reacted in the same matter.

Rrl of Marketing Information System

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A marketing information system (MIS) is a set of procedures and methods designed to generate, analyze, disseminate, and store anticipated marketing decision information on a regular, continuous basis. An information system can be used operationally, managerially, and strategically for several aspects of marketing. A marketing information system can be used operationally, managerially, and strategically for several aspects of marketing.The first definition of marketing information systems was presented by Cox and Good (1967) who referred to them as a group of procedures and methods for the planned analysis and the presentation of information to be used in marketing decision making. Later, this definition was extended by several authors such as Brien and Stafford (1968), Proctor (1991), Talvinen (1995), Burns and Bush (1995), and Kotler (1991, 2003), among others.Thus, Proctor (1991) defined the MKIS as a system that examines and collects data from the envi ronment; that uses data for the operations and transactions within the company, and that filters, organizes, and selects data to present them for business purposes. According to Kotler (2003) and Bums and Bush (1995) defined the MKIS as a consistent system of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, classify, analyze, evaluate, and distribute the necessary, timely, and precise information needed for decision making.For Talvinen (1995), the marketing information systems are a fundamental part of the company information systems portfolio that aids the direction of the managerial process, especially the marketing process. Jobber (2007) defines it as a â€Å"system in which marketing data is formally gathered, stored, analyzed and distributed to managers in accordance with their informational needs on a regular basis. † Kotler, et al. (2006) define it more broadly as â€Å"people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, an d accurate information to marketing decision makers. A formal MkIS can be of great benefit to any organization whether profit making or nonprofit making, no matter what its size or the level of managerial finesse. It is true today that in many organization an MkIS is integrated as part of a computerized system. To manage a business well is to manage its future and this means that management of information, in the form of a companywide â€Å"Management Information System† (MUS) of which the MkIS is an integral part, is an indispensable resource to be carefully managed just like any other resource that the organization may have e. . human resources, productive resources, transport resources and financial resources. Marketing information systems (MKIS) must play a different role from the roles they traditionally performed; that is, they need roles that may guide and support the decisions made at the corporate, functional, and operational levels. Previous research on the applicat ion of the MKIS shows that they have been applied mainly to the routine function of marketing rather than the strategic function (Xianzhong, 1999).Frequently, organizations have utilized these information systems to support the competitive analysis that they themselves conduct and to find out the market conditions, however, they have not developed research that may support the formulation of strategies, or such development has been nonexistent (Main & Marone, 2002). According Zabriskie and Huellmantel (1994) have pointed out that providing competitive information to formulate strategies is the responsibility of the marketing director, with the support of the marketing research department.However, conceptual and empirical research on marketing information systems has given little attention to the type of information that those in charge of making decisions may consider useful for the performance of their marketing tasks (Ashill & Jobber, 2002). According to Proctor (1991), there is a lot of information, but not of the correct type, and much error; that is, such information is more focused on the operational rather than on the strategic function.Nevertheless, it is necessary to take into account that the utilization of the MKIS is crucial for the success of an organization and should be an integral part of the strategic planning process (Amaravadi, 1995) since the marketing data base is a vital element for the strategic planning of many companies and often presents challenges in terms of management, marketing and sales (Stone & Shaw, 1987). In the latter half of the 20th century, several authors such as Cox and Good (1967), Kotler (1991, 2003), Proctor (1991), and Talvinen (1995), among others, have presented models for marketing information systems.Bums and Bush (1995) presented a classification of the marketing information systems similar to that of Kotler's (2003) through a model in which there is an interrelationship between the environment and the MKIS and among these and the managing directors. Talvinen (1995) classified the models presented in two groups determined by the managerial position and the operational-tactical function of those who make the decisions.In the first group, the basic classifying models of all the authors are presented, and the users are likely to be the senior executives, business strategy units, directors, marketing analysts, and experts. In the second group, the model of Moriarty and Swartz (1989) is found, and its users are likely to be the mid-level executives and sales operations personnel. According to Ansoff, Declerck, and Hayes (1990), the strategic level of a company is in continuous contact with the organizational environment; for Mintzberg and Quinn (1993), strategy is defined in terms of the four p's: plan, pattern, position, and perspective.Finally, according to Thompson, Strickland, and Gamble (2005), the strategy consists of business competitive movements and approaches that the directing manage rs employ in order to attract and please clients, compete successfully, make the business grow, conduct operations, and reach set goals. At the turn of the 21st century, researchers paid increased interest in the marketing information systems that are required by those in charge of making decisions (Amaravadi, 1995; Ashill & Jobber, 2002; Talvinen, 1995).However, little has been studied regarding the marketing information systems and the formulation of strategies at different levels. Research studies have centered upon general aspects of the formulation process and strategy implementation (Ashill, Frederikson, & Davies, 2003; McCarthy & Leavy, 2000; Varadarajan & Jayachandran, 1999; White, Conant, & Echambadi, 2003) rather than on specific aspects such as the information systems that the organizations require in order to formulate strategies (Proctor, 1991).However, it is necessary to consider that organizations operate at three levels (corporate, business unit, and functional or op erational) and reflect, at the same time, three strategy levels (corporate, business unit, and functional or operational). The MKIS range from the strategic to the operational level and require a different type of information on marketing at each level.This distinction of levels has prompted some authors to study the MKIS and strategy levels (Hair, Bush, & Ortinau, 2003; Talvinen, 1995), as well as the MKIS required at each strategy level (Talvinen, 1995), but the type of marketing information required at each strategy level and for each MKIS has not been studied. Like the application of the marketing activities, the application of the MKIS has also concentrated on the area of productivity and sales administration more than on the strategic area (Hewson & Hewson, 1994; Wilson & McDonald, 1994).Even though some businesses have used these systems at the strategic level, their use still concentrates on the marketing functions related to the client, such as, for example, direct sales (X ianzhong, 1999). In the face of the existing gap in the literature, and, above all, because there is no classification of the MKIS by strategy level, the information that the managing directors require at each level was classified for each MKIS taking into account the definitions that these systems present (Burns & Bush, 1995; Kotler, 2003; Talvinen, 1995).

China and the Internet essays

China and the Internet essays The worldwide network of computers known as the Internet poses an interesting dilemma to the government of China. The widespread and cheap access to unrestricted information that the Internet offers could pose a serious threat to the authoritarian government of China. In contrast, the benefits to business and efficiency that the Internet can bring are too great to be ignored, especially as China makes an entrance into the World Trade Organization and the global economy. How will China handle these conflicting pressures? Todays Internet can trace its roots back to the ARPAnet, a collection of computers designed to share information among universities and researchers. ARPAnet was conceived by the United States government in 1969 and has grown steadily since. Now a truly global network of computers located all over the world, no single nation owns the Internet. Global governing bodies and standards have been established to control and direct the continued growth of the Internet. Since a single nation cannot control the content that can be found on the Internet, those that wish to restrict or control access must resort to content filtering or blocking through software and hardware barriers, laws controlling and patrolling access, and the limiting of physical access to an internet connection. To filter and block content the Chinese government employs both software filtering and limited physical access to the Internet. In early 2001, China rolled out government developed filtering software dubbed Internet Police 110 (reportedly named for Chinas emergency police telephone number) that will not only block Web surfers from viewing offensive pornographic and violent online content a not uncommon practice throughout the Internet world but will also steer Internet users away from sites the government views as threatening to the Chinese Communist Party regime. (Gebler, Chinese Web F...

Examples and the Definition of Imagery

Examples and the Definition of Imagery Imagery is vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste). Occasionally the term imagery is also used to refer to figurative language, in particular metaphors and similes.According to  Gerard A. Hauser, we use imagery in speech and writing not only to beautify but also to create relationships that give new meaning (Introduction to Rhetorical Theory, 2002). Etymology From the Latin, image Why Do We Use Imagery? There are a lot of reasons why we use imagery in our writing. Sometimes the right image creates a mood we want. Sometimes an image can suggest connections between two things. Sometimes an image can make a transition smoother. We use images to show intention. (Her words were fired in a deadly monotone and she gunned down the three of us with her smile.) We use imagery to exaggerate. (His arrival in that old Ford always sounded like a six-car pileup on the Harbor Freeway.) Sometimes we dont know why were using imagery; it just feels right. But the two main reasons we use imagery are: To save time and words.To reach the readers senses. (Gary Provost, Beyond Style: Mastering the Finer Points of Writing. Writers Digest Books, 1988) Examples of Different Types of Imagery Visual (Sight) ImageryIn our kitchen, he would bolt his orange juice (squeezed on one of those ribbed glass sombreros and then poured off through a strainer) and grab a bite of toast (the toaster a simple tin box, a kind of little hut with slit and slanted sides, that rested over a gas burner and browned one side of the bread, in stripes, at a time), and then he would dash, so hurriedly that his necktie flew back over his shoulder, down through our yard, past the grapevines hung with buzzing Japanese-beetle traps, to the yellow brick building, with its tall smokestack and wide playing fields, where he taught.(John Updike, My Father on the Verge of Disgrace in Licks of Love: Short Stories and a Sequel, 2000)Auditory (Sound) ImageryThe only thing that was wrong now, really, was the sound of the place, an unfamiliar nervous sound of the outboard motors. This was the note that jarred, the one thing that would sometimes break the illusion and set the years moving. In those other summertim es all motors were inboard; and when they were at a little distance, the noise they made was a sedative, an ingredient of summer sleep. They were one-cylinder and two-cylinder engines, and some were make-and-break and some were jump-spark, but they all made a sleepy sound across the lake. The one-lungers throbbed and fluttered, and the twin-cylinder ones purred and purred, and that was a quiet sound, too. But now the campers all had outboards. In the daytime, in the hot mornings, these motors made a petulant, irritable sound; at night, in the still evening when the afterglow lit the water, they whined about ones ears like mosquitoes.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake, 1941) Tactile (Touch) ImageryWhen the others went swimming my son said he was going in, too. He pulled his dripping trunks from the line where they had hung all through the shower and wrung them out. Languidly, and with no thought of going in, I watched him, his hard little body, skinny and bare, saw him wince slightly as he pulled up around his vitals the small, soggy, icy garment. As he buckled the swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake, 1941)Olfactory (Smell) ImageryI lay still and took another minute to smell: I smelled the warm, sweet, all-pervasive smell of silage, as well as the sour dirty laundry spilling over the basket in the hall. I could pick out the acrid smell of Claire’s drenched diaper, her sweaty feet, and her hair crusted with sand. The heat compounded the smells, doubled the fragrance. Howard always smelled and through the house his scent seemed always to be warm. His was a musky smell, as if the source of a mudd y river, the Nile or the Mississippi, began right in his armpits. I had grown used to thinking of his smell as the fresh man smell of hard work. Too long without washing and I tenderly beat his knotty arms with my fists. That morning there was alfalfa on his pillow and cow manure embedded in his tennis shoes and the cuffs of his coveralls that lay by the bed. Those were sweet reminders of him. He had gone out as one shaft of searing light came through the window. He had put on clean clothes to milk the cows.(Jane Hamilton, A Map of the World. Random House, 1994) Observations The artists life nourishes itself on the particular, the concrete. . . . Start with the mat-green fungus in the pine woods yesterday: words about it, describing it, and a poem will come. . . . Write about the cow, Mrs. Spauldings heavy eyelids, the smell of vanilla flavouring in a brown bottle. Thats where the magic mountains begin.(Sylvia Plath, The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath, edited by Karen Kukil. Anchor, 2000)Follow your image as far as you can no matter how useless you think it is. Push Yourself. Always ask, What else can I do with this image? . . . Words are illustrations of thoughts. You must think this way.(Nikki Giovanni, quoted by Bill Strickland in On Being a Writer, 1992) Pronunciation IM-ij-ree

CORPORATE LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CORPORATE LAW - Essay Example The total value (including premium) of the new issue will be  £ 6500. The relevant legal position in this regard is as under: The directors of a limited company are able to settle terms of redemptions of shares only when they are empowered by the Articles of association of the company to do so. Otherwise the terms prescribed in the articles are to be followed. Accordingly the process of redemption to be followed by Mirza Plc will depend upon the terms either provided in its Articles of association or settled by the resolution of the board only when articles expressly empower directors to do so. The terms of redemption of shares must be laid down before the issuance of such redeemable shares. In other words Mirza Plc can redeem shares only at a premium when such term existed before issuance of its redeemable shares. Under no circumstances Mirza Plc can settle fresh terms of redemption of shares after issuance of such shares. That is why the law provides that the terms, conditions, and manners of redemption must be stated in the statement of capital required to be filed with registrar. As per provision of the Companies Act, 2006, Mirza Plc may redeem the shares out of undistributed profit. However,it may finance the redemption out of a fresh issue. It appears that Mirza Plc has decided to use both the options. As the required redemption amount is  £ 15000 (including premium) and new issue will fetch only  £ 6500 (including premium), it is clear that Mirza Plc will also be using accumulated profits to pay part of redemption liability. One of the conditions prescribed by the Companies Act, 2006 is that premium on redemption can be paid only when shares were originally issued at premium. Mirza Plc fulfils this condition as redeemable shares were issued at a premium of  £ 2500. The law requires that redemption must be made out of undistributed profits, but proceeds of fresh issue made for redemption can be